Changes in blood pressure during the first few days after head injury can also have an adverse effect. This is crucial since a brain that has just undergone a traumatic injury is especially sensitive to slight reductions in blood flow. A decrease in blood supply to very low levels may occur commonly in a significant number of TBI patients. Ischemia: Another type of diffuse injury is ischemia or insufficient blood supply to certain parts of the brain. If enough axons are harmed in this way, the ability of nerve cells to communicate with each other and to integrate their function may be lost or greatly impaired, possibly leaving a patient with severe disabilities. This category of injuries, called diffuse brain injury, may occur with or without an associated mass lesion.ĭiffuse Axonal Injury: Axonal injury refers to impaired function and gradual loss of axons.These long extensions of nerve cells enable them to communicate with each other. Hydrocephalus may result from severe traumatic SAH.ĭiffuse Injuries: TBIs can produce microscopic changes that do not appear on CT scans and are scattered throughout the brain. Most cases of SAH associated with head trauma are mild. It appears as diffuse blood spread thinly over the surface of the brain and commonly after TBI. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is caused by bleeding into the subarachnoid space. The size and location of the hemorrhage helps determine whether it can be removed surgically. Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) describes bleeding within the brain tissue, may be related to other brain injuries, especially contusions. Most commonly, contusions are at the base of the front parts of the brain, but may occur anywhere. They consist of areas of injured or swollen brain mixed with blood that has leaked from arteries, veins, or capillaries. When examined under a microscope, cerebral contusions are comparable to bruises in other parts of the body. A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood between the dura mater and the arachnoid layer, which sits directly on the surface of the brain.Ĭontusion: A cerebral contusion is bruising of brain tissue. An epidural hematoma is a collection of blood between the dura mater (the protective covering of the brain) and the inside of the skull. Hematomas may occur anywhere within the brain. Hematoma: A hematoma is a blood clot within the brain or on its surface. Summarized below are different types of sequelae deveoped from TBIs: TBIs can cause “mass lesions,” w an area of localized injury such as hematomas and contusions that increase pressure within the brain. Introduction to Brain Injury – Facts and Stats, February 2000.
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